Anthrax is a serious and potentially deadly disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. It affects both humans and animals, including livestock like cattle, sheep, and goats. The disease is particularly hazardous to livestock, and its impact on the livestock industry can be significant. Here’s a comprehensive explanation of anthrax and its causes in the livestock industry based on the provided information:

1. Causes of Anthrax in Livestock: Anthrax in livestock is caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. The bacteria form spores that can survive in the environment for extended periods, up to 50 years. These spores are highly resistant and can withstand extreme conditions, including heat, freezing, and disinfectants. When an animal is exposed to the spores through different methods, the bacteria can become active and cause the disease. The primary methods of anthrax exposure in livestock include:
   • Cutaneous Anthrax: When the bacteria enter the body through cuts or skin abrasions, causing skin lesions with blistering and a black center.
   • Ingestion Anthrax: Livestock can contract anthrax by ingesting spores present in contaminated plants or matter. Consuming contaminated feed, plants, or water can lead to an intestinal infection.
   • Inhalation Anthrax: Cattle grazing in pastures may inhale spores present in the ground or on plant matter. This method is less common in humans, usually occurring through handling infected carcasses.
2. Symptoms in Livestock: The symptoms of anthrax in livestock can vary depending on the method of exposure. Clinical signs in cattle may include:
   • Lack of eating
   • Mood swings
   • Swollen lymph nodes
   • High fever
   • Trembling or staggering
   • Convulsions
3. Prevention and Treatment: Prevention of anthrax in livestock is essential due to the high fatality rate once animals are infected. Vaccination is a crucial preventive measure against anthrax. Administering anthrax vaccines to livestock can significantly reduce the risk of infection. Early detection and prompt treatment with antibiotics are crucial for successful recovery in infected animals. However, treatment can be challenging, and in many cases, it may require culling of the infected herd to prevent further spread.
4. Global Prevalence of Anthrax in Livestock: Anthrax is a concern worldwide, affecting both livestock and wildlife. A meta-analysis estimated the global prevalence of anthrax in livestock to be approximately 28% from 2452 samples, with Africa having the highest prevalence (29%) and North America the lowest (21%). Anthrax is relatively rare in developed countries, but it remains a concern due to its potential use in bioterrorism attacks.

Given the severity of anthrax in livestock and its potential impact on both animal health and the livestock industry, implementing preventive measures, such as vaccination, proper disposal of infected carcasses, and monitoring high-risk regions, is crucial for disease control and economic protection for farmers and the livestock industry as a whole.